正文
一,引言
不同于普通的SQL函数,Hive支持一些其他sql不支持的函数,如表生成函数和窗口函数,集合函数等等,接下来对应一一解答。
二,表生成函数
2.1 行转列函数(explode)
explode:可以将集合的数据遍历出来,遍历出的每一个元素为新的一行。注意,使用explode会生成一个新的表:
如下示例:
select * from t_stu_subject;+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+| t_stu_subject.id | t_stu_subject.name | t_stu_subject.subjects |+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | ["化学","物理","数学","语文"] || 2 | lisi | ["化学","数学","生物","生理","卫生"] || 3 | wangwu | ["化学","语文","英语","体育","生物"] |+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+3 rows selected (0.176 seconds)-->对subjects字段进行行转列select explode(subjects) from t_stu_subject;+------+--+| col |+------+--+| 化学 || 物理 || 数学 || 语文 || 化学 || 数学 || 生物 || 生理 || 卫生 || 化学 || 语文 || 英语 || 体育 || 生物 |+------+--+-->错误语句:explode生成的是一个表,所以下面会报错select id,name,explode(subjects) from t_stu_subject;Error: Error while compiling statement: FAILED: SemanticException [Error 10081]: UDTF's are not supported outside the SELECT clause, nor nested in expressions (state=42000,code=10081)
2.2 表生成函数(lateral view explode)
lateral view用于和split、explode等UDTF一起使用的,能将一行数据拆分成多行数据,在此基础上可以对拆分的数据进行聚合,lateral view首先为原始表的每行调用UDTF,UDTF会把一行拆分成一行或者多行,lateral view在把结果组合,产生一个支持别名表的虚拟表。
上面的explode使用看起来毫无意义,但是我们可以结合lateral view来一起使用,如下:
select id,name,sub from t_stu_subject lateral view explode(subjects) tmp as sub;+-----+-----------+------+--+| id | name | sub |+-----+-----------+------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | 化学 || 1 | zhangsan | 物理 || 1 | zhangsan | 数学 || 1 | zhangsan | 语文 || 2 | lisi | 化学 || 2 | lisi | 数学 || 2 | lisi | 生物 || 2 | lisi | 生理 || 2 | lisi | 卫生 || 3 | wangwu | 化学 || 3 | wangwu | 语文 || 3 | wangwu | 英语 || 3 | wangwu | 体育 || 3 | wangwu | 生物 |+-----+-----------+------+--+
SQL代码解析:
理解: lateral view 相当于两个表在join左表:是原表右表:是explode(某个集合字段)之后产生的表而且:这个join只在同一行的数据间进行
实例二:求word count
实例一: ==== 利用explode和lateral view 实现hive版的wordcount 有以下数据:a b c d e f ga b ce f g ab c d b对数据建表:create table t_juzi(line string) row format delimited;导入数据:load data local inpath '/root/words.txt' into table t_juzi;** ***** ******** ***** ******** ***** ******** wordcount查询语句:***** ******** ***** ******** ***** ******** select a.word,count(1) cntfrom (select tmp.* from t_juzi lateral view explode(split(line,' ')) tmp as word) agroup by a.wordorder by cnt desc;+---------+------+--+| a.word | cnt |+---------+------+--+| b | 4 || c | 3 || a | 3 || g | 2 || f | 2 || e | 2 || d | 2 |+---------+------+--+
三,集合函数
3.1 判断值是否存在某集合(array_contains)
array_contains:语法结构
array_contains(Array, value) 返回boolean值
示例:
-->源数据查看select * from t_stu_subject;+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+| t_stu_subject.id | t_stu_subject.name | t_stu_subject.subjects |+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | ["化学","物理","数学","语文"] || 2 | lisi | ["化学","数学","生物","生理","卫生"] || 3 | wangwu | ["化学","语文","英语","体育","生物"] |+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+3 rows selected (0.066 seconds)-->array_contains使用select id, name, array_contains(subjects, '语文') from t_stu_subject;+-----+-----------+--------+--+| id | name | _c2 |+-----+-----------+--------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | true || 2 | lisi | false || 3 | wangwu | true |+-----+-----------+--------+--+3 rows selected (13.573 seconds)
3.2 集合排序(sort_array)
sort_array:语法结构
sort_array(Array) 返回排序后的数组
示例:
select sort_array(array(3,2,6));+----------+--+| _c0 |+----------+--+| [2,3,6] |+----------+--+1 row selected (12.599 seconds)
3.3 集合长度(size)
-->数据查询select * from t_stu_subject;+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+| t_stu_subject.id | t_stu_subject.name | t_stu_subject.subjects |+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | ["化学","物理","数学","语文"] || 2 | lisi | ["化学","数学","生物","生理","卫生"] || 3 | wangwu | ["化学","语文","英语","体育","生物"] |+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+--+3 rows selected (0.069 seconds)-->size测试select id, name, size(subjects) as sub_num from t_stu_subject;+-----+-----------+----------+--+| id | name | sub_num |+-----+-----------+----------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | 4 || 2 | lisi | 5 || 3 | wangwu | 5 |+-----+-----------+----------+--+3 rows selected (13.578 seconds)
3.4 Map集合的keys值返回
语法格式:
map_keys(Map)
实例:
select * from t_family;+--------------+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--+| t_family.id | t_family.name | t_family.family_members | t_family.age |+--------------+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | {"father":"xiaoming","mother":"xiaohuang","brother":"xiaoxu"} | 28 || 2 | lisi | {"father":"mayun","mother":"huangyi","brother":"guanyu"} | 22 || 3 | wangwu | {"father":"wangjianlin","mother":"ruhua","sister":"jingtian"} | 29 || 4 | mayun | {"father":"mayongzhen","mother":"angelababy"} | 26 |+--------------+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--+-- 查出每个人有哪些亲属关系select id,name,map_keys(family_members) as relations,agefrom t_family;+-----+-----------+--------------------------------+------+--+| id | name | relations | age |+-----+-----------+--------------------------------+------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | ["father","mother","brother"] | 28 || 2 | lisi | ["father","mother","brother"] | 22 || 3 | wangwu | ["father","mother","sister"] | 29 || 4 | mayun | ["father","mother"] | 26 |+-----+-----------+--------------------------------+------+--+4 rows selected (0.129 seconds)
3.5 Map集合的values值返回
语法结构:map_values(Map<T,T>)
实例:
-- 查出每个人的亲人名字select id,name,map_values(family_members) as relations,agefrom t_family;+-----+-----------+-------------------------------------+------+--+| id | name | relations | age |+-----+-----------+-------------------------------------+------+--+| 1 | zhangsan | ["xiaoming","xiaohuang","xiaoxu"] | 28 || 2 | lisi | ["mayun","huangyi","guanyu"] | 22 || 3 | wangwu | ["wangjianlin","ruhua","jingtian"] | 29 || 4 | mayun | ["mayongzhen","angelababy"] | 26 |+-----+-----------+-------------------------------------+------+--+4 rows selected (0.132 seconds)
四,Json解析函数
4.1 get_json_object
作用:解析json字符串对象,通过 '$.key' 来获取json串的value值
语法格式:
get_json_object(json字符串,'$.key')
实例:
select get_json_object('{"key1":3333, "key2": 4444}', '$.key1');+-------+--+| _c0 |+-------+--+| 3333 |+-------+--+
4.2 json_tuple
作用:将json字符串的value值进行提取
语法格式:
json_tuple(json字符串,key值1,key值2) as (key1, key2)
实例:
select json_tuple('{"key1":3333, "key2": 4444}', 'key1', 'key2') as (key1, key2);+-------+-------+--+| key1 | key2 |+-------+-------+--+| 3333 | 4444 |+-------+-------+--+
五,窗口分析函数
5.1 聚会函数+over
hive中的窗口函数和sql中的窗口函数相类似,都是用来做一些数据分析类的工作,一般用于olap分析(在线分析处理)。
我们都知道在sql中有一类函数叫做聚合函数,例如sum()、avg()、max()等等,这类函数可以将多行数据按照规则聚集为一行,一般来讲聚集后的行数是要少于聚集前的行数的.但是有时我们想要既显示聚集前的数据,又要显示聚集后的数据,这时我们便引入了窗口函数。
在深入研究over字句之前,一定要注意:在SQL处理中,窗口函数都是最后一步执行,而且仅位于Order by字句之前。
数据准备:
-->表创建create table t_order(name string, orderdate string, cost int)row format delimitedfields terminated by ',';-->数据导入load data local inpath '/root/hiveData/t_order.txt' into table t_order;-->数据展示1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> select * from t_order;+---------------+--------------------+---------------+--+| t_order.name | t_order.orderdate | t_order.cost |+---------------+--------------------+---------------+--+| jack | 2015-01-01 | 10 || tony | 2015-01-02 | 15 || jack | 2015-02-03 | 23 || tony | 2015-01-04 | 29 || jack | 2015-01-05 | 46 || jack | 2015-04-06 | 42 || tony | 2015-01-07 | 50 || jack | 2015-01-08 | 55 || mart | 2015-04-08 | 62 || mart | 2015-04-09 | 68 || neil | 2015-05-10 | 12 || mart | 2015-04-11 | 75 || neil | 2015-06-12 | 80 || mart | 2015-04-13 | 94 |+---------------+--------------------+---------------+--+14 rows selected (0.159 seconds)
假如说我们想要查询在2015年4月份购买过的顾客及总人数,我们便可以使用窗口函数去去实现
实例:
1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> select name,count(*) over() from t_order where substring(orderdate, 1, 7)='2015-04';+-------+-----------------+--+| name | count_window_0 |+-------+-----------------+--+| mart | 5 || mart | 5 || mart | 5 || mart | 5 || jack | 5 |+-------+-----------------+--+5 rows selected (1.857 seconds) -->注意:正常情况下,使用count函数是必须结合分组使用,但这里配合over可以显示聚合后的数据
可见其实在2015年4月一共有5次购买记录,mart购买了4次,jack购买了1次.事实上,大多数情况下,我们是只看去重后的结果的.针对于这种情况,我们有两种实现方式:
--->distinct方式1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> select distinct name,count(*) over ()1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> from t_order1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> where substring(orderdate,1,7) = '2015-04';--->group by方式1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> select name,count(*) over ()1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> from t_order1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> where substring(orderdate,1,7) = '2015-04'1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> group by name;-->输出结果都为:这里就体现出了over是在后面执行的+-------+-----------------+--+| name | count_window_0 |+-------+-----------------+--+| mart | 2 || jack | 2 |+-------+-----------------+--+2 rows selected (2.889 seconds)
5.1.1 partition by 字句
over子句之后第一个提到的就是partition by。partition by子句也可以称为查询分区子句,非常类似于Group By,都是将数据按照边界值分组,而Over之前的函数在每一个分组之内进行,如果超出了分组,则函数会重新计算.
需求:我们想要去看顾客的购买明细及月购买总额。
1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> select name,orderdate,cost,sum(cost) over(partition by month(orderdate)) # 这里month(orderdate) 提取出月份1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> from t_order;+-------+-------------+-------+---------------+--+| name | orderdate | cost | sum_window_0 |+-------+-------------+-------+---------------+--+| jack | 2015-01-01 | 10 | 205 || jack | 2015-01-08 | 55 | 205 || tony | 2015-01-07 | 50 | 205 || jack | 2015-01-05 | 46 | 205 || tony | 2015-01-04 | 29 | 205 || tony | 2015-01-02 | 15 | 205 || jack | 2015-02-03 | 23 | 23 || mart | 2015-04-13 | 94 | 341 || jack | 2015-04-06 | 42 | 341 || mart | 2015-04-11 | 75 | 341 || mart | 2015-04-09 | 68 | 341 || mart | 2015-04-08 | 62 | 341 || neil | 2015-05-10 | 12 | 12 || neil | 2015-06-12 | 80 | 80 |+-------+-------------+-------+---------------+--+14 rows selected (1.56 seconds)
可以看出数据已经按照月进行汇总了.
5.1.2 order by字句
order by子句会让输入的数据强制排序(文章前面提到过,窗口函数是SQL语句最后执行的函数,因此可以把SQL结果集想象成输入数据)。Order By子句对于诸如Row_Number(),Lead(),LAG()等函数是必须的,因为如果数据无序,这些函数的结果就没有任何意义。因此如果有了Order By子句,则Count(),Min()等计算出来的结果就没有任何意义。
实例:
-->假如我们想要将cost按照月进行累加.这时我们引入order by子句.1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> select name,orderdate,cost,sum(cost) over(partition by month(orderdate) order by orderdate )1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> from t_order;+-------+-------------+-------+---------------+--+| name | orderdate | cost | sum_window_0 |+-------+-------------+-------+---------------+--+| jack | 2015-01-01 | 10 | 10 || tony | 2015-01-02 | 15 | 25 || tony | 2015-01-04 | 29 | 54 || jack | 2015-01-05 | 46 | 100 || tony | 2015-01-07 | 50 | 150 || jack | 2015-01-08 | 55 | 205 || jack | 2015-02-03 | 23 | 23 || jack | 2015-04-06 | 42 | 42 || mart | 2015-04-08 | 62 | 104 || mart | 2015-04-09 | 68 | 172 || mart | 2015-04-11 | 75 | 247 || mart | 2015-04-13 | 94 | 341 || neil | 2015-05-10 | 12 | 12 || neil | 2015-06-12 | 80 | 80 |+-------+-------------+-------+---------------+--+14 rows selected (1.7 seconds)-->从上面可以看出,对月进行分组切排序
5.1.3 window 子句
我们在上面已经通过使用partition by子句将数据进行了分组的处理.如果我们想要更细粒度的划分,我们就要引入window子句了
我们首先要理解两个概念:
如果只使用partition by子句,未指定order by的话,我们的聚合是分组内的聚合. 使用了order by子句,未使用window子句的情况下,默认从起点到当前行.当同一个select查询中存在多个窗口函数时,他们相互之间是没有影响的.每个窗口函数应用自己的规则.window子句: - PRECEDING:往前 - FOLLOWING:往后 - CURRENT ROW:当前行 - UNBOUNDED:起点,UNBOUNDED PRECEDING 表示从前面的起点, UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING:表示到后面的终点
实例:
-->我们按照name进行分区,按照购物时间进行排序,做cost的累加. 如下我们结合使用window子句进行查询select name,orderdate,cost,sum(cost) over() as sample1,--所有行相加sum(cost) over(partition by name) as sample2,--按name分组,组内数据相加sum(cost) over(partition by name order by orderdate) as sample3,--按name分组,组内数据累加sum(cost) over(partition by name order by orderdate rows between UNBOUNDED PRECEDING and current row ) as sample4 ,--和sample3一样,由起点到当前行的聚合sum(cost) over(partition by name order by orderdate rows between 1 PRECEDING and current row) as sample5, --当前行和前面一行做聚合sum(cost) over(partition by name order by orderdate rows between 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING ) as sample6,--当前行和前边一行及后面一行sum(cost) over(partition by name order by orderdate rows between current row and UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING ) as sample7 --当前行及后面所有行from t_order;+-------+-------------+-------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+--+| name | orderdate | cost | sample1 | sample2 | sample3 | sample4 | sample5 | sample6 | sample7 |+-------+-------------+-------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+--+| jack | 2015-01-01 | 10 | 661 | 176 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 56 | 176 || jack | 2015-01-05 | 46 | 661 | 176 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 111 | 166 || jack | 2015-01-08 | 55 | 661 | 176 | 111 | 111 | 101 | 124 | 120 || jack | 2015-02-03 | 23 | 661 | 176 | 134 | 134 | 78 | 120 | 65 || jack | 2015-04-06 | 42 | 661 | 176 | 176 | 176 | 65 | 65 | 42 || mart | 2015-04-08 | 62 | 661 | 299 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 130 | 299 || mart | 2015-04-09 | 68 | 661 | 299 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 205 | 237 || mart | 2015-04-11 | 75 | 661 | 299 | 205 | 205 | 143 | 237 | 169 || mart | 2015-04-13 | 94 | 661 | 299 | 299 | 299 | 169 | 169 | 94 || neil | 2015-05-10 | 12 | 661 | 92 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 92 | 92 || neil | 2015-06-12 | 80 | 661 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 80 || tony | 2015-01-02 | 15 | 661 | 94 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 44 | 94 || tony | 2015-01-04 | 29 | 661 | 94 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 94 | 79 || tony | 2015-01-07 | 50 | 661 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 79 | 79 | 50 |+-------+-------------+-------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+--+14 rows selected (4.959 seconds)
5.2 分析函数
5.2.1 ntile
功能:用于将分组数据按顺序切分成n片,返回当前切片值
注意:
ntile不支持 rows between
使用实例:
-->假如我们想要每位顾客购买金额前1/3的交易记录,我们便可以使用这个函数.select name,orderdate,cost, ntile(3) over() as sample1 , --全局数据切片 ntile(3) over(partition by name), -- 按照name进行分组,在分组内将数据切成3份 ntile(3) over(order by cost),--全局按照cost升序排列,数据切成3份 ntile(3) over(partition by name order by cost ) --按照name分组,在分组内按照cost升序排列,数据切成3份from t_order;+-------+-------------+-------+----------+------+------+-----------------+--+| name | orderdate | cost | sample1 | _c4 | _c5 | ntile_window_3 |+-------+-------------+-------+----------+------+------+-----------------+--+| jack | 2015-01-01 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 || jack | 2015-02-03 | 23 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 || jack | 2015-04-06 | 42 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 || jack | 2015-01-05 | 46 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 || jack | 2015-01-08 | 55 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 || mart | 2015-04-08 | 62 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 || mart | 2015-04-09 | 68 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 || mart | 2015-04-11 | 75 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 || mart | 2015-04-13 | 94 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 || neil | 2015-05-10 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 || neil | 2015-06-12 | 80 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 || tony | 2015-01-02 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 || tony | 2015-01-04 | 29 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 || tony | 2015-01-07 | 50 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |+-------+-------------+-------+----------+------+------+-----------------+--+14 rows selected (5.981 seconds)
如上述数据,我们去sample4 = 1的那部分数据就是我们要的结果
5.2.2 row_number,rank,dense_rank
这三个窗口函数的使用场景非常多
row_number()从1开始,按照顺序,生成分组内记录的序列,row_number()的值不会存在重复,当排序的值相同时,按照表中记录的顺序进行排列 rank() 生成数据项在分组中的排名,排名相等会在名次中留下空位 dense_rank() 生成数据项在分组中的排名,排名相等会在名次中不会留下空位注意:
rank和dense_rank的区别在于排名相等时会不会留下空位.实例如下:
5.2.3 lag和lead
这两个函数为常用的窗口函数,可以返回上下数据行的数据.
实例:-->以我们的订单表为例,假如我们想要查看顾客上次的购买时间可以这样去查询select name,orderdate,cost,lag(orderdate,1,'1900-01-01') over(partition by name order by orderdate ) as time1,lag(orderdate,2) over (partition by name order by orderdate) as time2from t_order;+-------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--+| name | orderdate | cost | time1 | time2 |+-------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--+| jack | 2015-01-01 | 10 | 1900-01-01 | NULL || jack | 2015-01-05 | 46 | 2015-01-01 | NULL || jack | 2015-01-08 | 55 | 2015-01-05 | 2015-01-01 || jack | 2015-02-03 | 23 | 2015-01-08 | 2015-01-05 || jack | 2015-04-06 | 42 | 2015-02-03 | 2015-01-08 || mart | 2015-04-08 | 62 | 1900-01-01 | NULL || mart | 2015-04-09 | 68 | 2015-04-08 | NULL || mart | 2015-04-11 | 75 | 2015-04-09 | 2015-04-08 || mart | 2015-04-13 | 94 | 2015-04-11 | 2015-04-09 || neil | 2015-05-10 | 12 | 1900-01-01 | NULL || neil | 2015-06-12 | 80 | 2015-05-10 | NULL || tony | 2015-01-02 | 15 | 1900-01-01 | NULL || tony | 2015-01-04 | 29 | 2015-01-02 | NULL || tony | 2015-01-07 | 50 | 2015-01-04 | 2015-01-02 |+-------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--+14 rows selected (1.6 seconds)
5.2.4 first_value和last_value
first_value取分组内排序后,截止到当前行,第一个值
last_value取分组内排序后,截止到当前行,最后一个值select name,orderdate,cost,first_value(orderdate) over(partition by name order by orderdate) as time1,last_value(orderdate) over(partition by name order by orderdate) as time2from t_order;+-------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--+| name | orderdate | cost | time1 | time2 |+-------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--+| jack | 2015-01-01 | 10 | 2015-01-01 | 2015-01-01 || jack | 2015-01-05 | 46 | 2015-01-01 | 2015-01-05 || jack | 2015-01-08 | 55 | 2015-01-01 | 2015-01-08 || jack | 2015-02-03 | 23 | 2015-01-01 | 2015-02-03 || jack | 2015-04-06 | 42 | 2015-01-01 | 2015-04-06 || mart | 2015-04-08 | 62 | 2015-04-08 | 2015-04-08 || mart | 2015-04-09 | 68 | 2015-04-08 | 2015-04-09 || mart | 2015-04-11 | 75 | 2015-04-08 | 2015-04-11 || mart | 2015-04-13 | 94 | 2015-04-08 | 2015-04-13 || neil | 2015-05-10 | 12 | 2015-05-10 | 2015-05-10 || neil | 2015-06-12 | 80 | 2015-05-10 | 2015-06-12 || tony | 2015-01-02 | 15 | 2015-01-02 | 2015-01-02 || tony | 2015-01-04 | 29 | 2015-01-02 | 2015-01-04 || tony | 2015-01-07 | 50 | 2015-01-02 | 2015-01-07 |+-------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--+14 rows selected (1.588 seconds)
5.3 扩展
row_number的用途非常广泛,排序最好用它,它会为查询出来的每一行记录生成一个序号,依次排序且不会重复,注意使用row_number函数时必须要用over子句选择对某一列进行排序才能生成序号。
rank函数用于返回结果集的分区内每行的排名,行的排名是相关行之前的排名数加一。简单来说rank函数就是对查询出来的记录进行排名,与row_number函数不同的是,rank函数考虑到了over子句中排序字段值相同的情况,如果使用rank函数来生成序号,over子句中排序字段值相同的序号是一样的,后面字段值不相同的序号将跳过相同的排名号排下一个,也就是相关行之前的排名数加一,可以理解为根据当前的记录数生成序号,后面的记录依此类推。
dense_rank函数的功能与rank函数类似,dense_rank函数在生成序号时是连续的,而rank函数生成的序号有可能不连续。dense_rank函数出现相同排名时,将不跳过相同排名号,rank值紧接上一次的rank值。在各个分组内,rank()是跳跃排序,有两个第一名时接下来就是第四名,dense_rank()是连续排序,有两个第一名时仍然跟着第二名。
借助实例能更直观地理解:
假设现在有一张学生表student,学生表中有姓名、分数、课程编号
1: jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000> select * from student;+-------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--+| student.id | student.name | student.score | student.course |+-------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--+| 5 | elic | 70 | 1 || 4 | dock | 100 | 1 || 3 | clark | 80 | 1 || 2 | bob | 90 | 1 || 1 | alce | 60 | 1 || 10 | jacky | 80 | 2 || 9 | iris | 60 | 2 || 8 | hill | 70 | 2 || 7 | grace | 50 | 2 || 6 | frank | 70 | 2 |+-------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--+10 rows selected (0.115 seconds)
现在需要按照课程对学生的成绩进行排序:
--row_number() 顺序排序select name,course,row_number() over(partition by course order by score desc) rank from student;+--------+---------+-------+--+| name | course | rank |+--------+---------+-------+--+| dock | 1 | 1 || bob | 1 | 2 || clark | 1 | 3 || elic | 1 | 4 || alce | 1 | 5 || jacky | 2 | 1 || frank | 2 | 2 || hill | 2 | 3 || iris | 2 | 4 || grace | 2 | 5 |+--------+---------+-------+--+
--rank() 跳跃排序,如果有两个第一级别时,接下来是第三级别select name,course,rank() over(partition by course order by score desc) rank from student;+--------+---------+-------+--+| name | course | rank |+--------+---------+-------+--+| dock | 1 | 1 || bob | 1 | 2 || clark | 1 | 3 || elic | 1 | 4 || alce | 1 | 5 || jacky | 2 | 1 || frank | 2 | 2 || hill | 2 | 2 || iris | 2 | 4 || grace | 2 | 5 |+--------+---------+-------+--+
--dense_rank() 连续排序,如果有两个第一级别时,接下来是第二级别select name,course,dense_rank() over(partition by course order by score desc) rank from student;+--------+---------+-------+--+| name | course | rank |+--------+---------+-------+--+| dock | 1 | 1 || bob | 1 | 2 || clark | 1 | 3 || elic | 1 | 4 || alce | 1 | 5 || jacky | 2 | 1 || frank | 2 | 2 || hill | 2 | 2 || iris | 2 | 3 || grace | 2 | 4 |+--------+---------+-------+--+10 rows selected (1.635 seconds)
关于Parttion by:
Parttion by关键字是Oracle中分析性函数的一部分,用于给结果集进行分区。它和聚合函数Group by不同的地方在于它只是将原始数据进行名次排列,能够返回一个分组中的多条记录(记录数不变),而Group by是对原始数据进行聚合统计,一般只有一条反映统计值的结果(每组返回一条)。
TIPS:
使用rank over()的时候,空值是最大的,如果排序字段为null, 可能造成null字段排在最前面,影响排序结果。
可以这样: rank over(partition by course order by score desc nulls last)
总结:
在使用排名函数的时候需要注意以下三点:
1、排名函数必须有 OVER 子句。
2、排名函数必须有包含 ORDER BY 的 OVER 子句。
3、分组内从1开始排序。